8 Benzodiazepine Executive Function Effects
Table of Contents
8.2 Attention – Concentration. 1
8.5 Executive Function by Subpopulation. 10
8.1 Animal Studies |
Koek W. Drug-induced state-dependent learning: review of an operant procedure in rats. Behav Pharmacol. 2011;22(5-6):430-40. Abstract
8.2 Attention – Concentration |
Federico A, Tamburin S, Maier A, et al. Multifocal cognitive dysfunction in high-dose benzodiazepine users: a cross-sectional study. Neurol Sci. 2017;38(1):137-142. Abstract
Murphy SE, Downham C, Cowen PJ, Harmer CJ. Direct effects of diazepam on emotional processing in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2008;199(4):503-13. Article
Pringle A, Warren M, Gottwald J, et al. Cognitive mechanisms of diazepam administration: a healthy volunteer model of emotional processing. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2016;233(12):2221-8. Article
8.3 Cognitive Effects |
Crowe SF, Barker MJ. Benzodiazepines. In: Neuropsychology and Substance Use: State-of-the-Art and Future Directions. Kalechstein A, van Gorp WG, eds. New York, London: Taylor and Francis, 2007. Link
Hendler N, Cimini C, Ma T, Long D. A comparison of cognitive impairment due to benzodiazepines and to narcotics. Am J Psychiatry. 1980;137(7):828-30. Abstract
Kleinknecht RA, Donaldson D. A review of the effects of diazepam on cognitive and psychomotor performance. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1975;161(6):399-414. Abstract
Murray JB. Effects of valium and librium on human psychomotor and cognitive functions. Genet Psychol Monogr. 1984;109(2D Half):167-97. Abstract
Nyström C. Effects of long-term benzodiazepine medication. A prospective cohort study: methodological and clinical aspects. Nord J Psychiatry. 2005;59(6):492-7. Abstract
Palva ES. Gender-related differences in diazepam effects on performance. Med Biol. 1985;63(2):92-5. Abstract
Rush CR, Armstrong DL, Ali JA, Pazzaglia PJ. Benzodiazepine-receptor ligands in humans: acute performance-impairing, subject-rated and observer-rated effects. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1998;18(2):154-65. Abstract
Tannenbaum C, Paquette A, Hilmer S, et al. A systematic review of amnestic and non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment induced by anticholinergic, antihistamine, GABAergic and opioid drugs. Drugs Aging. 2012;29(8):639-58. Abstract
Acute Cognitive Effects
Clegg A, Young JB. Which medications to avoid in people at risk of delirium: a systematic review. Age Ageing. 2011;40(1):23-9. Article
Deakin JB, Aitken MR, Dowson JH, et al. Diazepam produces disinhibitory cognitive effects in male volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2004;173(1-2):88-97. Abstract
Kelly TH, Foltin RW, Serpick E, Fischman MW. Behavioral effects of alprazolam in humans. Behav Pharmacol. 1997;8(1):47-57. Abstract
Kleykamp BA, Griffiths RR, Mintzer MZ. Dose effects of triazolam and alcohol on cognitive performance in healthy volunteers. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010;18(1):1-16. Article
Mac DS, Kumar R, Goodwin DW. Anterograde amnesia with oral lorazepam. J Clin Psychiatry. 1985;46(4):137-8. Abstract
Meador KJ, Gevins A, Leese PT, et al. Neurocognitive effects of brivaracetam, levetiracetam, and lorazepam. Epilepsia. 2011;52(2):264-72. Abstract
Menecier P, Texier MA, Las R, Ploton L. Can one talk of benzodiazepine “drunkenness”? About acute benzodiazepine intoxication, without suicidal or mortiferous tendencies. Encephale. 2012;38(1):25-30. Abstract
Mintzer MZ, Griffiths RR. Triazolam-amphetamine interaction: dissociation of effects on memory versus arousal. J Psychopharmacol. 2003;17(1):17-29. Abstract
Riba J, Rodríguez-Fornells A, Münte TF, Barbanoj MJ. A neurophysiological study of the detrimental effects of alprazolam on human action monitoring. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 2005;25(2):554-65. Abstract
Suzuki M, Uchiumi M, Murasaki M. A comparative study of the psychological effects of DN-2327, a partial benzodiazepine agonist, and alprazolam. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1995;121(4):442-50. Abstract
Vermeeren A. Residual effects of hypnotics: epidemiology and clinical implications. CNS Drugs. 2004;18(5):297-328. Abstract
Vermeeren A, Jackson JL, Muntjewerff ND, et al. Comparison of acute alprazolam (0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 mg) effects versus those of lorazepam 2 mg and placebo on memory in healthy volunteers using laboratory and telephone tests. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1995;118(1):1-9. Abstract
Acute Cognitive Effects: Memory
Blin O, Simon N, Jouve E , et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of sedative and amnesic effects of lorazepam in healthy volunteers. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2001;24(2):71-81. Abstract
Blin O, Jacquet A, Callamand S, et al. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis of mnesic effects of lorazepam in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1999;48(4):510-2. Article
Brignell CM, Rosenthal J, Curran HV. Pharmacological manipulations of arousal and memory for emotional material: effects of a single dose of methylphenidate or lorazepam. J Psychopharmacol. 2007;21(7):673-83. Abstract
Buffett-Jerrott SE, Stewart SH, Teehan MD. A further examination of the time-dependent effects of oxazepam and lorazepam on implicit and explicit memory. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1998;138(3-4):344-53. Abstract
Buffett-Jerrott SE, Stewart SH, Bird S, Teehan MD. An examination of differences in the time course of oxazepam’s effects on implicit vs explicit memory. J Psychopharmacol. 1998;12(4):338-47. Abstract
Curran HV, Pooviboonsuk P, Dalton JA, Lader MH. Differentiating the effects of centrally acting drugs on arousal and memory: an event-related potential study of scopolamine, lorazepam and diphenhydramine. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1998;135(1):27-36. Abstract
Curran HV, Gorenstein C. Differential effects of lorazepam and oxazepam on priming. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1993;8(1):37-42. Abstract
Davis CM, Ambros-Ingerson J, Granger R, et al. Triazolam impairs delayed recall but not acquisition of various everyday memory tasks in humans. Exp Neurol. 1997;148(1):124-34. Abstract
Dundee JW, George KA. Relative amnesic actions of diazepam, flunitrazepam and lorazepam in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1977;4:45-50. Article
Hall-Porter JM, Schweitzer PK, Eisenstein RD, et al. The effect of two benzodiazepine receptor agonist hypnotics on sleep-dependent memory consolidation. J Clin Sleep Med. 2014;10(1):27-34. Article
Healey M, Pickens R, Meisch R, McKenna T. Effects of clorazepate, diazepam, lorazepam, and placebo on human memory. J Clin Psychiatry. 1983;44(12):436-9. Abstract
Heisterkamp DV, Cohen PJ. The effect of intravenous premedication with lorazepam (Ativan), pentobarbitone or diazepam on recall. Br J Anaesth. 1975;47:79-81. Abstract
Izaute M, Bacon E. Specific effects of an amnesic drug: effect of lorazepam on study time allocation and on judgment of learning. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2005;30(1):196-204. Article
Kamboj SK, Curran HV. Neutral and emotional episodic memory: global impairment after lorazepam or scopolamine. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2006;188(4):482-8. Abstract
Kirk T, Roache JD, Griffiths RR. Dose-response evaluation of the amnestic effects of triazolam and pentobarbital in normal subjects. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1990;10(3):160-7. Abstract
Lister RG. The amnesic action of benzodiazepines in man. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1985;9(1):87-94. Abstract
Lucki I , Rickels K, Geller AM. Chronic use of benzodiazepines and psychomotor and cognitive test performance. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1986;88(4):426-33. Abstract
Martin J, Matthews A, Martin F, et al. Effects of lorazepam and oxazepam on perceptual and procedural memory functions. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2002;164(3):262-7. Abstract
Mejo SL. Anterograde amnesia linked to benzodiazepines. Nurse Pract. 1992;17(10):44, 49-50. Abstract
Mintzer MZ, Kleykamp BA, Griffiths RR. Dose effects of triazolam and scopolamine on metamemory. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010;18(1):17-31. Article
Mintzer MZ, Griffiths RR. Differential effects of scopolamine and lorazepam on working memory maintenance versus manipulation processes. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2007;7(2):120-9. Abstract
Mintzer MZ, Griffiths RR. A triazolam/amphetamine dose-effect interaction study: dissociation of effects on memory versus arousal. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2007;192(3):425-40. Abstract
Mintzer MZ, Griffiths RR. Drugs, memory, and metamemory: a dose-effect study with lorazepam and scopolamine. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005;13(4):336-47. Abstract
Mintzer MZ, Griffiths RR. Alcohol and triazolam: differential effects on memory, psychomotor performance and subjective ratings of effects. Behav Pharmacol. 2002;13(8):653-8. Abstract
Mintzer MZ, Griffiths RR. Triazolam and zolpidem: effects on human memory and attentional processes. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1999;144(1):8-19. Abstract
Mintzer MZ, Frey JM, Yingling JE, Griffiths RR. Triazolam and zolpidem: a comparison of their psychomotor, cognitive, and subjective effects in healthy volunteers. Behav Pharmacol. 1997;8(6-7):561-74. Abstract
Roache JD, Cherek DR, Bennett RH, et al. Differential effects of triazolam and ethanol on awareness, memory, and psychomotor performance. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1993;13(1):3-15. Abstract
Roehrs T, Merlotti L, Zorick F, Roth T. Sedative, memory, and performance effects of hypnotics. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1994;116(2):130-4. Abstract
Stewart SA. The effects of benzodiazepines on cognition. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66 Suppl 2:9-13. Abstract
Stewart SH, Rioux GF, Connolly JF, et al. Effects of oxazepam and lorazepam on implicit and explicit memory: evidence for possible influences of time course. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1996;128(2):139-49. Abstract
Unrug A, Coenen A, van Luijtelaar G. Effects of the tranquilizer diazepam and the stimulant methylphenidate on alertness and memory. Neuropsychobiology. 1997;36(1):42-8. Abstract
Unrug-Neervoort A, van Luijtelaar G, Coenen A. Cognition and vigilance: differential effects of diazepam and buspirone on memory and psychomotor performance. Neuropsychobiology. 1992;26(3):146-50. Abstract
Vermeeren A, Coenen AM. Effects of the use of hypnotics on cognition. Prog Brain Res. 2011;190:89-103. Abstract
Chronic Cognitive Effects
Atack JR. GABAA receptor subtype-selective modulators. II. α5-selective inverse agonists for cognition enhancement. Curr Top Med Chem. 2011;11(9):1203-14. Abstract
Barker MJ, Greenwood KM, Jackson M, Crowe SF. Cognitive effects of long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis. CNS Drugs. 2004;18(1):37-48. Abstract
Boeuf-Cazou O, Bongue B, Ansiau D, et al. Impact of long-term benzodiazepine use on cognitive functioning in young adults: the VISAT cohort. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;67(10):1045-52. Abstract
Buffett-Jerrott SE, Stewart SH. Cognitive and sedative effects of benzodiazepine use. Curr Pharm Des. 2002;8(1):45-58. Abstract
Breggin PR. Psychiatric drug-induced Chronic Brain Impairment (CBI): implications for long-term treatment with psychiatric medication. Int J Risk Saf Med. 2011;23(4):193-200. Abstract
Federico A, Tamburin S, Maier A, et al. Multifocal cognitive dysfunction in high-dose benzodiazepine users: a cross-sectional study. Neurol Sci. 2017;38(1):137-142. Abstract
Golombok S, Moodley P, Lader M. Cognitive impairment in long-term benzodiazepine users. Psychol Med. 1988;18(2):365-74. Abstract
Lucki I, Rickels K, Geller AM. Chronic use of benzodiazepines and psychomotor and cognitive test performance. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1986;88(4):426-33. Article
Pat McAndrews M, Weiss RT, Sandor P, et al. Cognitive effects of long-term benzodiazepine use in older adults. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2003;18(1):51-7. Abstract
Pomara N, Willoughby LM, Ritchie JC, et al. Sex-related elevation in cortisol during chronic treatment with alprazolam associated with enhanced cognitive performance. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2005;182(3):414-9. Abstract
Rapeli P, Fabritius C, Kalska H, Alho H. Memory function in opioid-dependent patients treated with methadone or buprenorphine along with benzodiazepine: longitudinal change in comparison to healthy individuals. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2009;4:6 Article
Robles Bayón A, Gude Sampedro F. Inappropriate treatments for patients with cognitive decline. Neurologia. 2014;29(9):523-32. Abstract
Social Security Administation: Neurocognitive Disorders
Stewart SA. The effects of benzodiazepines on cognition. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66 Suppl 2:9-13. Abstract
Chronic Cognitive Effects: Dementia
Barbui C, Gastaldon C, Cipriani A. Benzodiazepines and risk of dementia: true association or reverse causation? Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2013;22(4):307-8. Abstract
Billioti de Gage S, Boride Y, Ducret T, et al. Benzodiazepine use and risk of Alzheimer’s disease: case-control study. BMJ. 2014;349:g5205. Article
Billioti de Gage S, Bégaud B, Bazin F, et al. Benzodiazepine use and risk of dementia: prospective population based study. BMJ. 2012;345:e6231. Article
Gallacher J, Elwood P, Pickering J, et al. Benzodiazepine use and risk of dementia: evidence from the Caerphilly Prospective Study (CaPS). J Epidemiol Community Health. 2012;66(10):869-73. Abstract
Gomm W, von Holt K, Thome, F, et al. Regular benzodiazepine and Z-substance use and risk of dementia: an analysis of German claims data. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 2016;54(3):801-8. Abstract
Hsiao F-Y, Peng L-N, Lin M-G, et al. Dose-responsive effect of psychotropic drug use and subsequent dementia: a nationwide propensity score matched case-control study in Taiwan. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014;15(7):509-13. Abstract
Lagnaoui R, Begaud B, Moore N, et al. Benzodiazepine use and risk of dementia: a nested case-control study. J Clin Epidemiol. 2002;55(3):314-8. Abstract
Mawanda F, Wallace RB, McCoy K, Abrams TE. PTSD, Psychotropic medication use, and the risk of dementia among US veterans: a retrospective cohort study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017 Feb 8. [Epub ahead of print] Abstract
Pariente A, de Gage SB, Moore N, Bégaud B. The benzodiazepine-dementia disorders link: current state of knowledge. CNS Drugs. 2016;30(1):1-7. Abstract
Takada M, Fujimoto M, Hosomi K. Association between benzodiazepine use and dementia: data mining of different medical databases. Int J Med Sci. 2016;13(11):825-34. Article
Verdoux H, Lagnaoui R, Begaud B. Is benzodiazepine use a risk factor for cognitive decline and dementia? A literature review of epidemiological studies. Psychol Med. 2005;35(3):307-15. Abstract
Wu CS, Wang SC, Chang IS, et al. The association between dementia and long-term use of benzodiazepine in the elderly: nested case-control study using claims data. Am J Ger Psych. 2009;17(7):614-20. Abstract
Zhong G, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao Y. Association between benzodiazepine use and dementia: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0127836. Article
Chronic Cognitive Effects: Memory
Curran HV, Bond A, O’Sullivan G, et al. Memory functions, alprazolam and exposure therapy: a controlled longitudinal study of agoraphobia with panic disorder. Psychol Med. 1994;24(4):969-76. Abstract
Curran HV. Tranquillizing memories: a review of the effects of benzodiazepines on human memory. Biol Psychol. 1986;23(2):179-213. Abstract
Savić MM, Obradović DI, Ugresić ND, Bokonjić DR. Memory effects of benzodiazepines: memory stages and types versus binding-site subtypes. Neural Plast. 2005;12(4):289-98. Article
Chronic Cognitive Effects: Post-Withdrawal
Barker MJ, Greenwood KM, Jackson M, Crowe SF. Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2004;19(3):437-54. Abstract
Kiliç C, Curran HV, Noshirvani H, et al. Long-term effects of alprazolam on memory: a 3.5 year follow-up of agoraphobia/panic patients. Psychol Med. 1999;29(1):225-31. Abstract
Stewart SA. The effects of benzodiazepines on cognition. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66 Suppl 2:9-13. Abstract
8.4 Psychomotor Effects |
Crowe SF, Barker MJ. Benzodiazepines. In: Neuropsychology and Substance Use: State-of-the-Art and Future Directions. Kalechstein A, van Gorp WG, eds. New York, London: Taylor and Francis, 2007. Link
Kleinknecht RA, Donaldson D. A review of the effects of diazepam on cognitive and psychomotor performance. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1975;161(6):399-414. Abstract
Lucki I, Rickels K, Geller AM. Chronic use of benzodiazepines and psychomotor and cognitive test performance. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1986;88(4):426-33. Article
Mintzer MZ, Frey JM, Yingling JE, Griffiths RR. Triazolam and zolpidem: a comparison of their psychomotor, cognitive, and subjective effects in healthy volunteers. Behav Pharmacol. 1997;8(6-7):561-74. Abstract
Moodley P, Golombok S, Lader M. Effects of clorazepate dipotassium and placebo on psychomotor skills. Percept Mot Skills. 1985;61(3 Pt 2):1121-2. Abstract
Murray JB. Effects of valium and librium on human psychomotor and cognitive functions. Genet Psychol Monogr. 1984;109(2D Half):167-97. Abstract
Oster G, Huse DM, Adams SF, et al. Benzodiazepine tranquilizers and the risk of accidental injury. Am J Public Health. 1990;80(12):1467-70. Abstract
Oster G, Russell MW, Huse DM, et al. Accident- and injury-related health-care utilization among benzodiazepine users and nonusers. J Clin Psychiatry. 1987;48 Suppl:17-21. Abstract
Palva ES. Gender-related differences in diazepam effects on performance. Med Biol. 1985;63(2):92-5. Abstract
Rickels K, Lucki I, Schweizer E, et al. Psychomotor performance of long-term benzodiazepine users before, during, and after benzodiazepine discontinuation. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999;19(2):107-13. Abstract
Unrug-Neervoort A, van Luijtelaar G, Coenen A. Cognition and vigilance: differential effects of diazepam and buspirone on memory and psychomotor performance. Neuropsychobiology. 1992;26(3):146-50. Abstract
Vermeeren A. Residual effects of hypnotics: epidemiology and clinical implications. CNS Drugs. 2004;18(5):297-328. Abstract
Driving with Use
Barbone F, McMahon AD, Davey PG, et al. Association of road-traffic accidents with benzodiazepine use. Lancet. 1998;352(9137):1331-6. Abstract
Coutinho D, Vieira DN, Teixeira HM. Driving under the influence of benzodiazepines and antidepressants: prescription and abuse. Acta Med Port. 2011;24(3):431-8. Abstract
Dassanayake T, Michie P, Carter G, Jones A. Effects of benzodiazepines, antidepressants and opioids on driving: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological and experimental evidence. Drug Saf. 2011;34(2):125-56. Abstract
Dubois S, Bédard M, Weaver B. The impact of benzodiazepines on safe driving. Traffic Inj Prev. 2008;9(5):404-13. Abstract
Engeland A, Skurtveit S, Mørland J. Risk of road traffic accidents associated with the prescription of drugs: a registry-based cohort study. Ann Epidemiol. 2007;17(8):597-602. Abstract
Gómez-Talegón T, Fierro I, González-Luque JC, et al. Prevalence of psychoactive substances, alcohol, illicit drugs, and medicines, in Spanish drivers: a roadside study. Forensic Sci Int. 2012;223(1-3):106-13. Abstract
Goullé JP, Verstraete A, Boulu R, et al. Illicit drugs, medications and traffic accidents. Ann Pharm Fr. 2008;66(4):196-205. Abstract
Gustavsen I, Bramness JG, Skurtveit S, et al. Road traffic accident risk related to prescriptions of the hypnotics zopiclone, zolpidem, flunitrazepam and nitrazepam. Sleep Med. 2008;9(8):818-22. Abstract
Hebert C, Delaney JA, Hemmelgarn B, et al. Benzodiazepines and elderly drivers: a comparison of pharmacoepidemiological study designs. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2007;16(8):845-9. Abstract
Hemmelgarn B, Suissa S, Huang Am et al. Benzodiazepine use and the risk of motor vehicle crash in the elderly. JAMA. 1997;278(1):27-31. Abstract
Hetland A, Carr DB. Medications and impaired driving. Ann Pharmacother. 2014;48(4):494-506. Article
Jones AW, Holmgren A, Holmgren P. High concentrations of diazepam and nordiazepam in blood of impaired drivers: association with age, gender and spectrum of other drugs present. Forensic Sci Int. 2004;146(1):1-7. Abstract
Kelley-Baker T, Waehrer G, Pollini RA. Prevalence of self-reported prescription drug use in a national sample of US drivers. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2017;78(1):30-38. Abstract
Legrand SA, Silverans P, de Paepe P, et al. Presence of psychoactive substances in injured Belgian drivers. Traffic Inj Prev. 2013;14(5):461-8. Abstract
Legrand SA, Houwing S, Hagenzieker M, Verstraete AG. Prevalence of alcohol and other psychoactive substances in injured drivers: comparison between Belgium and The Netherlands. Forensic Sci Int. 2012;220(1-3):224-31. Abstract
Longo MC, Hunter CE, Lokan RJ, et al. The prevalence of alcohol, cannabinoids, benzodiazepines and stimulants amongst injured drivers and their role in driver culpability: part i: the prevalence of drug use in drive the drug-positive group. Accid Anal Prev. 2000;32(5):613-22. Abstract
Longo MC, Hunter CE, Lokan RJ, et al. The prevalence of alcohol, cannabinoids, benzodiazepines and stimulants amongst injured drivers and their role in driver culpability: part ii: the relationship between drug prevalence and drug concentration, and driver culpability. Accid Anal Prev. 2000;32(5):623-32. Abstract
Mura P, Kintz P, Ludes B, et al. Comparison of the prevalence of alcohol, cannabis and other drugs between 900 injured drivers and 900 control subjects: results of a French collaborative study. Forensic Sci Int. 2003;133(1-2):79-85. Abstract
Neutel CI. Risk of traffic accident injury after a prescription for a benzodiazepine. Ann Epidemiol. 1995;5(3):239-44. Abstract
Orriols L, Philip P, Moore N, et al. Benzodiazepine-like hypnotics and the associated risk of road traffic accidents. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011;89(4):595-601. Abstract
Ravera S, van Rein N, de Gier JJ, et al. A comparison of pharmacoepidemiological study designs in medication use and traffic safety research. Eur J Epidemiol. 2012;27(6):473-81. Article
Ravera S, van Rein N, de Gier JJ, et al. Road traffic accidents and psychotropic medication use in The Netherlands: a case-control study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;72(3):505-13. Article
Senna MC, Augsburger M, Aebi B, et al. First nationwide study on driving under the influence of drugs in Switzerland. Forensic Sci Int. 2010;198(1-3):11-6. Abstract
Seppälä K, Korttila K, Häkkinen S, Linnoila M. Residual effects and skills related to driving after a single oral administration of diazepam, medazepam or lorazepam. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1976;3(5):831-41. Article
Simonsen KW, Steentoft A, Hels T, et al. Presence of psychoactive substances in oral fluid from randomly selected drivers in Denmark. Forensic Sci Int. 2012;221(1-3):33-8. Abstract
Skurtveit S, Christophersen AS, Mørland J. Driving under the influence of benzodiazepines. Sale differences in the counties are reflected among drivers suspected of driving under the influence of a drug. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 1995;115(2):200-3. Abstract
Smink BE, Egberts AC, Lusthof KJ, et al. The relationship between benzodiazepine use and traffic accidents: A systematic literature review. CNS Drugs. 2010;24(8):639-53. Abstract
Strand MC, Gjerde H, Mørland J. Driving under the influence of non-alcohol drugs – an update. Part II: Experimental studies. Forensic Sci Rev. 2016;28(2):79-101. Abstract
Thomas RE. Benzodiazepine use and motor vehicle accidents. Systematic review of reported association. Can Fam Physician. 1998 Apr;44:799–808. Article
Thomas RE. Benzodiazepine use and motor vehicle accidents. Systematic review of reported association. Can Fam Physician. 1998;44:799-808. Article
Wiese Simonsen K, Steentoft A, Bernhoft IM, et al. Psychoactive substances in seriously injured drivers in Denmark. Forensic Sci Int. 2013;224(1-3):44-50. Abstract
Chronic Driving Effects: Post-Withdrawal
Barker MJ, Greenwood KM, Jackson M, Crowe SF. Persistence of cognitive effects after withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine use: a meta-analysis. Arch Clin Neuropsych. 2004;19(3):437-54. Article
8.5 Executive Function by Subpopulation |
Armed Services / Veterans
Addiction-Prone Substance Co-Prescribed
Alcohol
Mattila MJ, Palva E, Seppälä T, Ostrovskaya RU. Actions and interactions with alcohol of drugs on psychomotor skills: comparison of diazepam and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1978;234(2):236-46. Abstract
Palva ES, Linnoila M, Saario I, Mattila MJ. Acute and subacute effects of diazepam on psychomotor skills: interaction with alcohol. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh). 1979;45(4):257-64. Abstract
Behavioral Addictions
Nicotine
Opioid
Stimulants
Cocaine
Cancer
Cardiovascular Disease
Care Facilities
Cognitive Dysfunction
Criminal Justice
Elderly
Bierman EJ, Comijs HC, Gundy CM, et al. The effect of chronic benzodiazepine use on cognitive functioning in older persons: good, bad or indifferent? Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;22(12):1194-200. Abstract
Hanlon JT, Horner RD, Schmader KE, et al. Benzodiazepine use and cognitive function among community-dwelling elderly. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1998;64(6):684-92. Abstract
Hebert C, Delaney JA, Hemmelgarn B, et al. Benzodiazepines and elderly drivers: a comparison of pharmacoepidemiological study designs. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2007;16(8):845-9. Abstract
Hemmelgarn B, Suissa S, Huang Am et al. Benzodiazepine use and the risk of motor vehicle crash in the elderly. JAMA. 1997;278(1):27-31. Abstract
Meuleners LB, Duke J, Lee AH, Palamara P, Hildebrand J, Ng JQ. Psychoactive medications and crash involvement requiring hospitalization for older drivers: a population-based study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59(9):1575-80. Abstract
Mura R, Proust-Lima C, Akbaraly T, et al. Chronic use of benzodiazepines and latent cognitive decline in the elderly: results from the Three-City Study. Eur Neuropsychpharm. 2013;23(3):212-23. Abstract
Pat McAndrews M, Weiss RT, Sandor P, et al. Cognitive effects of long-term benzodiazepine use in older adults. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2003;18(1):51-7. Abstract
Paterniti S, Dufouil C, Alpérovitch A. Long-term benzodiazepine use and cognitive decline in the elderly: the Epidemiology of Vascular Aging Study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;22(3):285-93. Abstract
Pomara N, Facelle TM, Roth AE, et al. Dose-dependent retrograde facilitation of verbal memory in healthy elderly after acute oral lorazepam administration. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2006;185(4):487-94. Abstract
Puustinen J, Nurimen J, Kukola M, et al. Associations between use of benzodiazepines or related drugs and health, physical abilities and cognitive function: a non-randomised clinical study in the elderly. Drugs Aging. 2007;24(12):1045-59. Abstract
Ethnicity
African-American
Asian
Caucasian
Hispanic
Native American
Pacific Island
Health Care Providers
Hepatic Disease
HIV / AIDS
LGBT
Men
Pain
Palliative Care – End of Life
Pediatric
Psychiatric Disease
Pulmonary Disease
Renal Disease
Sleep Disorders
Sleep Apnea
Surgical
Swallowing Disorders
Women
Perinatal
Nursing
